Lesson 3.1 – Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM).

2. Give two examples of SHM.

3. What is meant by amplitude?

4. Write the equation of displacement for SHM.

5. Define period and frequency.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. A pendulum has a period of 2 s. Calculate its frequency.

7. A spring oscillates with amplitude 10 cm. What is its maximum displacement?

8. Draw the displacement–time graph for SHM.

9. State the relationship between acceleration and displacement.

10. Derive velocity expression: v = ω√(A² – x²).

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Derive a = –ω²x from Hooke’s law.

12. A mass–spring system with k = 50 N/m and m = 2 kg. Find period.

13. Analyse energy changes during SHM with a graph.

14. Given x = 0.05 sin(20t), find amplitude, angular frequency, and period.

15. Explain phase difference and calculate it for two SHMs given mathematically.

Lesson 3.2 – Wave Motion

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define a mechanical wave.

2. State the wave equation: v = fλ.

3. Distinguish between longitudinal and transverse waves.

4. What is a crest and trough?

5. Define wavelength.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. A wave has f = 50 Hz and λ = 0.5 m. Find its speed.

7. Draw displacement–distance graph of a transverse wave.

8. Describe how particles move in longitudinal waves.

9. Explain wavefront.

10. Distinguish time period and frequency.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Describe the energy transfer in waves.

12. A wave equation is y = 0.03 sin(4πt – 2πx). Identify f, λ, and v.

13. Explain why EM waves can propagate in vacuum but sound cannot.

14. Derive relationship between wave number and wavelength.

15. Analyze behavior of wave entering a denser medium.

Lesson 3.3 – Wave Properties: Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, Interference

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define reflection of waves.

2. What is refraction?

3. Define diffraction.

4. What is interference?

5. State principle of superposition.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Describe constructive interference.

7. Describe destructive interference.

8. Give a diagram showing diffraction through a narrow slit.

9. Explain why sound diffracts more than light.

10. Describe two applications of wave reflection.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Explain conditions for sustained interference.

12. A path difference of λ/2 occurs—state the effect on amplitude.

13. Analyse diffraction patterns for changing slit width.

14. Explain phase change on reflection at rigid boundary.

15. Describe how Young’s Double-Slit experiment demonstrates interference.

Lesson 3.4 – Stationary Waves & Vibrations in Strings

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define stationary wave.

2. What is a node?

3. What is an antinode?

4. Draw first harmonic on a string.

5. State formula for fundamental frequency.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. A string of length 1 m has v = 50 m/s. Find f₁.

7. Distinguish between progressive and stationary waves.

8. Why do stationary waves form on strings?

9. Draw second and third harmonics.

10. Explain effect of tension on frequency.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Derive f₁ = v/2L for string.

12. A string fixed at both ends vibrates at 300 Hz in 3rd harmonic. Find fundamental.

13. Explain formation of nodes as result of superposition.

14. Analyse standing waves in rods or air columns.

15. Calculate harmonic frequencies for pipe closed at one end.

Lesson 3.5 – Vibrations in Air Columns & Sound

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define resonance.

2. List three characteristics of sound.

3. Define intensity.

4. What is the unit of frequency?

5. Describe open and closed tubes.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. State formula for first harmonic in open pipe.

7. State formula for first harmonic in closed pipe.

8. A closed pipe of length 0.5 m, speed = 340 m/s. Find f₁.

9. Explain effect of temperature on speed of sound.

10. Draw pressure distribution in closed pipe.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Derive f₁ = v/4L for closed pipe.

12. Explain end correction.

13. Solve harmonic series for open pipe (first 4 harmonics).

14. Discuss loudness and pitch using wave parameters.

15. Analyse resonance tube experiment and sources of error.

Lesson 3.6 – Doppler Effect

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define Doppler effect.

2. Does frequency increase or decrease when source approaches? Explain.

3. Give one real-life example of the Doppler effect.

4. What happens when observer moves but source is stationary?

5. What is apparent frequency?

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Write formula for Doppler effect when observer moves.

7. Write formula when source moves.

8. A source of 500 Hz approaches observer at 10 m/s. Find observed f.

9. Explain why Doppler effect does not occur in light due to medium motion.

10. Distinguish between red shift and blue shift.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Derive Doppler effect formula for moving source.

12. Solve combined case where both source and observer move.

13. Explain why sonic booms occur.

14. Analyse Doppler effect in radar speed detection.

15. Discuss astronomical applications (expanding universe concept).

Lesson 3.7 – EM Waves & LASER

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. What are electromagnetic waves?

2. List EM waves in increasing frequency.

3. Define LASER.

4. What is meant by coherent light?

5. State speed of EM waves.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Explain why EM waves do not require a medium.

7. State two uses of X-rays.

8. Give two characteristics of laser light.

9. Explain monochromaticity.

10. Draw EM spectrum diagram.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Explain principle of stimulated emission.

12. Describe population inversion in lasers.

13. Compare LED and LASER.

14. Analyze energy levels in 3-level laser system.

15. Explain how fibre optics use total internal reflection.