Lesson 9.1 – Semiconductors & p–n Junctions 

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define semiconductor.

2. What is doping?

3. Distinguish p-type and n-type materials.

4. What is a p–n junction?

5. Define depletion region.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Explain majority and minority carriers.

7. Describe how depletion region forms.

8. Draw energy band diagram for diode.

9. Explain effect of forward bias on p–n junction.

10. Explain effect of reverse bias.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Analyse diode barrier potential at different temperatures.

12. Derive diode equation qualitatively (I = I₀(e^{V/ηV_T} − 1)).

13. Discuss breakdown mechanisms (Zener & avalanche).

14. Compare conductivity of intrinsic vs extrinsic semiconductors.

15. Explain why reverse saturation current is very small.

Lesson 9.2 – Diodes & Rectification 

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define diode.

2. Draw symbol of diode.

3. What is forward voltage drop?

4. Define rectification.

5. State one use of diode.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Explain half-wave rectifier.

7. Draw circuit of full-wave bridge rectifier.

8. Define ripple.

9. Explain role of capacitor filter.

10. Calculate average output of full-wave rectifier.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Compare efficiency of half-wave and full-wave rectifiers.

12. Analyse effect of larger filter capacitor.

13. Explain Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV).

14. Solve full-wave rectifier with R–C filter mathematically.

15. Discuss limitations of diode rectifiers.

Lesson 9.3 – Zener Diodes & Voltage Regulation 

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. What is Zener diode?

2. Define breakdown voltage.

3. State one application of Zener diode.

4. Draw symbol of Zener diode.

5. Define regulation.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Explain how Zener diode regulates voltage.

7. Draw Zener load line.

8. Explain difference between breakdown and damage.

9. Calculate output voltage of Zener regulator.

10. Explain why series resistor is required.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Analyse regulation with varying load.

12. Determine power dissipation in Zener diode.

13. Discuss Zener diode as reference voltage.

14. Solve problem involving Zener + series resistor.

15. Compare Zener vs linear voltage regulator IC.

Lesson 9.4 – Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) 

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. What is transistor?

2. Draw symbols of npn and pnp transistors.

3. Define current gain β.

4. What is collector current?

5. State three transistor regions.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Explain input and output characteristics.

7. Describe CE configuration.

8. Calculate IC using β and IB.

9. Draw load line.

10. Explain cut-off and saturation.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Solve transistor biasing problem.

12. Analyse effect of changing RB on transistor operation.

13. Explain thermal runaway.

14. Discuss transistor as amplifier using graphs.

15. Solve multi-step transistor switching problem.

Lesson 9.5 – JFET & FET Devices 

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define FET.

2. What is gate-source voltage?

3. Draw symbol of JFET.

4. Define pinch-off voltage.

5. Distinguish between n-channel and p-channel.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Draw output characteristics of JFET.

7. Explain why gate is reverse-biased.

8. Define drain current.

9. Describe transfer characteristics.

10. Compare FET and BJT.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Analyse variation of ID with VGS.

12. Explain FET as voltage-controlled device.

13. Solve FET biasing circuit problem.

14. Discuss advantages of FET in amplifiers.

15. Explain MOSFET working (qualitative).

Lesson 9.6 – Operational Amplifiers (Op-Amps) 

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. What is an op-amp?

2. Identify inverting and non-inverting terminals.

3. Define open-loop gain.

4. What is differential input?

5. State Golden Rules of op-amp.

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Draw inverting amplifier circuit.

7. Calculate gain Av = –Rf/Rin.

8. Explain concept of virtual ground.

9. Describe voltage follower.

10. Draw output of comparator.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Analyse summing amplifier.

12. Solve op-amp inverting amplifier multi-step problem.

13. Discuss slew rate.

14. Explain limitations of ideal op-amp assumptions.

15. Design non-inverting amplifier with gain 11.

Lesson 9.7 – Logic Gates 

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define logic gate.

2. What is truth table?

3. Draw symbols of AND, OR, NOT.

4. State Boolean expression for AND.

5. What is a universal gate?

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Draw NAND gate truth table.

7. Draw NOR gate truth table.

8. Simplify simple Boolean expression.

9. Explain XOR gate function.

10. Convert OR gate using only NAND gates.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Implement complex Boolean expression using gates.

12. Build half adder using XOR and AND.

13. Draw timing diagram for digital circuit.

14. Analyse propagation delay.

15. Simplify expression using Boolean algebra fully.

Lesson 9.8 – Flip-Flops 

Foundation (Q1–5)

1. Define flip-flop.

2. What is SR flip-flop?

3. Define ‘state’ of flip-flop.

4. Draw NAND-based SR latch.

5. What is invalid state?

Intermediate (Q6–10)

6. Explain truth table of SR flip-flop.

7. Compare latch and flip-flop.

8. Describe clocked flip-flop.

9. Explain toggling in JK flip-flop.

10. Draw D flip-flop and explain function.

Advanced (Q11–15)

11. Analyse timing diagram of flip-flop.

12. Solve multi-step flip-flop state table.

13. Explain metastability in flip-flops.

14. Design simple counter using flip-flops.

15. Compare SR, JK, D, T flip-flops.