Lesson 10.1 – Stress, Strain & Elasticity (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define elasticity.

2. Define stress.

3. Define strain.

4. State Hooke’s law.

5. Identify elastic limit.

6. Give examples of elastic materials.

7. Write the formula for stress.

8. Write the formula for strain.

9. State units of stress.

10. Identify a real-life elastic deformation example.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Calculate stress given force and area.

12. Calculate strain from change in length.

13. Distinguish elastic vs plastic deformation.

14. Interpret stress–strain graph.

15. Identify yield point.

16. Explain significance of Young’s modulus.

17. Solve for Young’s modulus using stress/strain.

18. Compare ductile and brittle materials.

19. Predict material behaviour under tension.

20. Calculate extension in wire.

21. Sketch stress–strain curve for ductile material.

22. Explain safety factor.

23. Evaluate material suitability for construction.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive stress–strain relation from atomic model.

25. Analyse necking in ductile materials.

26. Solve multi-step elastic deformation problem.

27. Model non-linear elastic behaviour.

28. Evaluate mechanical properties of polymers.

29. Compare crystalline vs amorphous materials.

30. Solve elastic deformation under variable load.

31. Analyse anisotropic material properties.

32. Predict fracture behaviour.

33. Model time-dependent deformation (creep).

34. Analyse stress concentration effects.

35. Apply stress–strain theory to engineering design.

Lesson 10.2 – Young’s Modulus & Elastic Potential Energy (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define Young’s modulus.

2. State formula E = stress/strain.

3. Define elastic potential energy.

4. Write U = ½kx².

5. Identify SI unit of Young’s modulus.

6. Give example of material with high Young’s modulus.

7. Define tensile stress.

8. Define compressive stress.

9. Identify spring constant.

10. Recognize linear elastic region.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Calculate Young’s modulus from data.

12. Compare stiff and flexible materials.

13. Determine elastic energy stored in spring.

14. Sketch force–extension graph.

15. Identify proportional limit.

16. Compare tension and compression tests.

17. Calculate extension using spring constant.

18. Discuss applications of large E values.

19. Evaluate behaviour of springs in series.

20. Analyse springs in parallel.

21. Solve combined spring system.

22. Interpret energy stored vs extension graph.

23. Determine work done on spring.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive U = ½Fx from integration.

25. Solve multi-spring system.

26. Analyse elastic energy distribution in materials.

27. Model large deformation (non-Hookean).

28. Compare Young’s modulus in composites.

29. Evaluate energy absorption in crash structures.

30. Apply calculus to variable spring constant.

31. Use energy method to derive displacement.

32. Model viscoelastic behaviour qualitatively.

33. Analyse hysteresis in elastic systems.

34. Compare 3D elasticity concepts.

35. Apply energy storage concepts to engineering systems.

Lesson 10.3 – Viscosity & Fluid Resistance (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define viscosity.

2. Identify viscous fluids.

3. Distinguish laminar and turbulent flow.

4. Define coefficient of viscosity.

5. State Stokes’ law.

6. Draw velocity gradient diagram.

7. Identify factors affecting viscosity.

8. State units of viscosity.

9. Define streamline.

10. Define drag.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Calculate viscous force using Stokes’ law.

12. Explain terminal velocity.

13. Compare viscosities of common liquids.

14. Describe effect of temperature on viscosity.

15. Sketch velocity profile for laminar flow.

16. Explain fluid friction.

17. Solve terminal velocity problem.

18. Analyse Reynolds number conceptually.

19. Predict laminar vs turbulent flow.

20. Compare air and water viscosity.

21. Model drag force qualitatively.

22. Explain importance of viscosity in lubrication.

23. Calculate viscosity-related energy loss.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive Stokes’ law qualitatively.

25. Analyse deviation from Stokes’ law in real fluids.

26. Model turbulence onset.

27. Derive terminal velocity using differential equation.

28. Evaluate viscosity in industrial applications.

29. Analyse flow of non-Newtonian fluids.

30. Model viscosity variation with temperature.

31. Compare laminar/turbulent energy losses.

32. Solve multi-phase fluid flow scenario.

33. Evaluate fluid resistance in biological systems.

34. Analyse drag reduction techniques.

35. Apply viscosity concepts to engineering fluid systems.

Lesson 10.4 – Surface Tension & Capillarity (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define surface tension.

2. State unit of surface tension.

3. Define capillary action.

4. Define angle of contact.

5. Identify cohesion vs adhesion.

6. Draw surface tension diagram.

7. Identify water meniscus.

8. Give example of surface tension in nature.

9. State formula h = 2Tcosθ / ρgr.

10. Define wetting.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Explain why water rises in capillary tube.

12. Compare capillarity in water and mercury.

13. Solve capillary rise problem.

14. Sketch meniscus shapes.

15. Discuss effect of radius on capillary rise.

16. Explain surface energy.

17. Analyse role of detergents.

18. Describe liquid drop formation.

19. Explain pressure difference across curved surface.

20. Solve excess pressure inside bubble.

21. Model droplet breakup.

22. Compare hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces.

23. Discuss applications of surface tension.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive capillary rise formula qualitatively.

25. Solve multi-fluid capillarity problem.

26. Analyse microfluidics flow.

27. Model surface tension using molecular theory.

28. Evaluate capillary failure at high temperatures.

29. Analyse droplet oscillations.

30. Solve pressure difference for complex curvature.

31. Compare theoretical vs experimental T values.

32. Analyse micro-scale wetting.

33. Evaluate nanofluidic effects.

34. Model surface tension in porous materials.

35. Apply capillarity concepts to biological systems.

Lesson 10.5 – Pressure in Fluids, Upthrust & Archimedes’ Principle (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define pressure.

2. Write P = hρg.

3. Define density.

4. Define upthrust.

5. State Archimedes’ principle.

6. Identify floating and sinking.

7. Draw pressure–depth diagram.

8. Give example of buoyancy.

9. Identify forces on submerged object.

10. Distinguish weight and apparent weight.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Calculate pressure at depth.

12. Solve buoyant force problem.

13. Evaluate floatation condition.

14. Draw forces on submerged cube.

15. Compare density of objects.

16. Analyse stability of floating objects.

17. Compute submerged volume.

18. Explain centre of buoyancy.

19. Analyse fluid pressure variation.

20. Predict floatation behaviour.

21. Solve upthrust in multi-fluid environment.

22. Sketch volume vs density relationship.

23. Calculate pressure difference between depths.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive P = hρg physically.

25. Analyse metacentric height.

26. Solve advanced floatation problem.

27. Model pressure on slanted surface.

28. Evaluate buoyancy in gases.

29. Analyse submarine buoyancy changes.

30. Solve pressure force on dam wall.

31. Model buoyancy in layered fluids.

32. Calculate fluid force using calculus.

33. Analyse load distribution on underwater structures.

34. Evaluate density variation with temperature.

35. Apply principles to naval architecture.

Lesson 10.6 – Fluid Dynamics (Bernoulli, Continuity, Flow Rate) (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define flow rate.

2. Define continuity equation.

3. State Bernoulli’s principle.

4. Distinguish streamline and turbulence.

5. Give example of Bernoulli effect.

6. Define pressure energy.

7. Identify velocity in pipe flow.

8. Sketch simple streamline flow.

9. Identify venturi tube.

10. State energy conservation in fluids.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Solve continuity equation for velocity.

12. Apply Bernoulli equation.

13. Explain pressure drop in narrow pipe.

14. Sketch velocity profile.

15. Compare laminar and turbulent flow.

16. Analyse lift on airplane wing.

17. Solve multi-step Bernoulli problem.

18. Interpret flow rate changes graph.

19. Explain venturi effect.

20. Analyse drag reduction.

21. Determine flow velocity from manometer reading.

22. Explain applications in piping systems.

23. Predict behaviour with viscosity included.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive continuity equation.

25. Derive Bernoulli equation from energy.

26. Model compressible fluid flow qualitatively.

27. Analyse boundary layer effects.

28. Model turbulent flow onset.

29. Solve fluid jet impact problem.

30. Evaluate power delivered by fluid flow.

31. Analyse cavitation.

32. Model variable-area flow.

33. Solve head-loss problems.

34. Evaluate pump performance conceptually.

35. Apply Bernoulli & continuity to engineering design.