Lesson 4.1 – Temperature & Thermometers (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define temperature.

2. State the SI unit of temperature.

3. Convert 25°C to Kelvin.

4. Define thermometric property.

5. Give two examples of thermometers.

6. Define fixed points on a thermometer.

7. Identify upper fixed point in Celsius scale.

8. Identify lower fixed point.

9. State difference between heat and temperature.

10. Draw simple thermometer scale.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Explain why gas thermometers are more accurate.

12. Compare clinical and laboratory thermometers.

13. Convert 350 K to Celsius.

14. Describe how resistance thermometer works.

15. Define linearity in thermometers.

16. Explain limitations of mercury thermometer.

17. Describe calibration process.

18. Interpret temperature readings in experiment.

19. Explain sensitivity of thermometer.

20. Compare digital and analogue thermometers.

21. Analyse errors in temperature measurement.

22. Explain why absolute zero is theoretical.

23. Evaluate a thermometer design for accuracy.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive Kelvin scale based on ideal gas law.

25. Analyse thermocouple working in detail.

26. Discuss thermodynamic temperature scale.

27. Compare various thermometric substances.

28. Model thermometer response time.

29. Evaluate drift in temperature sensors.

30. Propose improvements to thermometer design.

31. Analyse uncertainty in temperature measurement.

32. Discuss limitations of fixed-point calibration.

33. Derive relation between resistance and temperature.

34. Model non-linear thermometer response.

35. Explain role of temperature measurement in thermodynamics.

Lesson 4.2 – Thermal Expansion (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define thermal expansion.

2. State coefficient of linear expansion.

3. Write formula for linear expansion.

4. Define area expansion.

5. Define volume expansion.

6. Give example of solid expansion.

7. State anomalous expansion of water.

8. Give application of expansion in daily life.

9. Identify unit of coefficient of linear expansion.

10. Draw expansion diagram.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Calculate expansion of metal rod.

12. Compare α, β, γ.

13. Explain why overhead wires sag.

14. Determine change in volume for liquid.

15. Describe bimetallic strip operation.

16. Compare expansion in solids and liquids.

17. Solve change in density due to expansion.

18. Explain real vs apparent expansion.

19. Calculate expansion using β.

20. Analyse role of expansion gaps in bridges.

21. Sketch expansion vs temperature graph.

22. Discuss effect of temperature on material dimensions.

23. Model expansion in composite rods.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive γ = 3α relation for isotropic solids.

25. Analyse expansion under temperature gradient.

26. Solve non-linear expansion case.

27. Discuss expansion in crystalline structure.

28. Model thermal stress in fixed rod.

29. Derive thermal strain equation.

30. Compare expansion properties of materials for design.

31. Calculate stress from prevented expansion.

32. Model thermal expansion in engineering systems.

33. Explain limitations of linear expansion law.

34. Evaluate density–temperature relationships.

35. Apply expansion concepts to thermometry.

Lesson 4.3 – Gas Laws & Kinetic Theory (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. State Boyle’s law.

2. State Charles’s law.

3. State Gay-Lussac’s law.

4. Define absolute zero.

5. Write PV = constant.

6. Convert 30°C to Kelvin.

7. Define pressure in gas context.

8. Draw P–V graph at constant temperature.

9. State combined gas law.

10. Identify gas variables.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Explain why balloon expands when heated.

12. Calculate new volume using Charles’s law.

13. Apply PV = nRT.

14. Solve pressure change at constant volume.

15. Sketch isothermal process.

16. Explain kinetic theory assumptions.

17. Derive relation between average kinetic energy and temperature.

18. Compare ideal and real gases.

19. Solve mole-based gas problem.

20. Interpret P–T graph.

21. Calculate RMS speed relation qualitatively.

22. Discuss deviation from ideal gas at high pressure.

23. Evaluate effect of intermolecular forces.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive PV = nRT using kinetic theory.

25. Analyse gas mixture using Dalton’s law.

26. Model gas behaviour at low temperatures.

27. Derive pressure expression from molecular collisions.

28. Compare Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution.

29. Solve multi-step gas transformation.

30. Discuss thermodynamic interpretation of gas laws.

31. Calculate molecular speeds quantitatively.

32. Evaluate accuracy of gas laws experimentally.

33. Predict behaviour of gases under extreme conditions.

34. Model diffusion using kinetic theory.

35. Explain limitations of kinetic theory.

Lesson 4.4 – Calorimetry & Specific Heat (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define heat.

2. Define specific heat capacity.

3. Write Q = mcΔT.

4. Define thermal capacity.

5. Identify heat unit.

6. Distinguish hot from cold.

7. Explain mixing warm and cold water.

8. Identify phase change on heating curve.

9. State what calorimeter measures.

10. Define equilibrium temperature.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Solve calorimetry problem for mixing.

12. Explain water’s high specific heat.

13. Analyse cooling curve.

14. Determine unknown mass using calorimetry.

15. Explain role of insulation.

16. Discuss heat transfer in calorimeter.

17. Calculate SHC from experiment.

18. Compare SHC of materials.

19. Evaluate heat loss sources.

20. Predict equilibrium temperature graphically.

21. Solve 2-body heat exchange.

22. Model heat transfer during cooling.

23. Discuss errors in calorimetry experiments.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive calorimetry equation from energy conservation.

25. Analyse multi-phase calorimetry.

26. Model heat exchange in non-ideal calorimeter.

27. Compare theoretical vs experimental SHC.

28. Solve SHC for alloy mixture.

29. Explain anomalies in cooling curve.

30. Evaluate heat loss to surroundings quantitatively.

31. Model variable specific heat.

32. Solve advanced calorimetry with latent heat included.

33. Use calculus to model continuous heat exchange.

34. Derive SHC from microscopic model.

35. Discuss limitations of calorimetry measurements.

Lesson 4.5 – Latent Heat & Phase Change (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define latent heat.

2. State latent heat of fusion.

3. State latent heat of vaporisation.

4. Draw heating curve.

5. Identify plateau on heating curve.

6. Define boiling.

7. Define melting.

8. State Q = mL.

9. Distinguish melting point and freezing point.

10. Give example of phase change.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Explain why temperature stays constant during melting.

12. Calculate heat required for melting.

13. Explain evaporation vs boiling.

14. Analyse molecular behaviour during melting.

15. Derive relation between heat and molecular separation.

16. Solve phase change with given heat.

17. Explain effect of pressure on boiling.

18. Compare latent heats of substances.

19. Sketch cooling curve.

20. Explain sublimation.

21. Calculate mass change from heat supplied.

22. Discuss energy distribution during boiling.

23. Predict phase change behaviour at high altitude.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive latent heat from intermolecular potential.

25. Solve multi-step phase change problem.

26. Analyse superheating phenomenon.

27. Model condensation microscopically.

28. Evaluate steam quality.

29. Solve latent heat problems using calorimetry.

30. Discuss critical point.

31. Examine phase diagram.

32. Model heat exchange during fractional melting.

33. Derive Clausius–Clapeyron equation qualitatively.

34. Compare latent heat effects in engineering.

35. Discuss limitations of ideal phase change models.

Lesson 4.6 – Heat Transfer (35 Prompts)

Foundation (1–10)

1. Define conduction.

2. Define convection.

3. Define radiation.

4. Give example of good conductor.

5. Give example of insulator.

6. State conduction equation.

7. Define thermal conductivity.

8. Define emissivity.

9. Identify convection in boiling water.

10. Draw diagram of heat transfer.

Intermediate (11–23)

11. Calculate heat transfer via conduction.

12. Compare conduction in wood and metal.

13. Explain greenhouse effect.

14. Analyse insulation performance.

15. Explain forced and natural convection.

16. Calculate heat transfer rate.

17. Describe radiation spectrum.

18. Sketch temperature gradient.

19. Evaluate effect of colour on radiation.

20. Compare conduction, convection, radiation.

21. Solve conduction multilayer problem.

22. Interpret convection currents.

23. Model radiative heat exchange qualitatively.

Advanced (24–35)

24. Derive conduction equation.

25. Analyse convection using fluid dynamics.

26. Solve radiation problem using Stefan–Boltzmann law.

27. Evaluate emissivity experimentally.

28. Model conduction with variable conductivity.

29. Analyse thermal design of buildings.

30. Solve combined conduction–convection problem.

31. Apply Newton’s law of cooling in calculus form.

32. Model heat exchanger performance.

33. Analyse thermography data.

34. Predict radiative equilibrium.

35. Discuss limitations of classical heat transfer models.