Foundation Level (Fail → Pass)

Basic prompts to build fundamental understanding.

1. What is an amine?

2. State the general formula for a primary amine.

3. Give one example of an amine.

4. What is the functional group in amines?

5. Define a diazonium salt.

6. Name the amine used to form benzene diazonium chloride.

7. What gas is evolved when amines react with acids?

8. Describe the smell of low molecular mass amines.

9. What does the term “aromatic amine” mean?

10. Name the temperature range needed to form diazonium salts.

 Intermediate Level (Pass → Credit)

Prompts requiring explanation, reaction understanding, and application.

1. Compare primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

2. Explain why amines act as weak bases.

3. Write the equation for the reaction between methylamine and HCl.

4. Describe the formation of benzene diazonium chloride.

5. Explain why diazonium salts are unstable above 5°C.

6. Describe azo coupling and name one use of azo dyes.

7. Explain why aromatic amines are less basic than aliphatic amines.

8. Write the reaction of aniline with nitrous acid.

9. Explain the role of nitrous acid in diazotization.

10. Predict the product of azo coupling between a diazonium salt and phenol.

Advanced Level (Credit → Distinction)

Higher-order reasoning, analysis, and synthesis prompts.

1. Analyse how electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups affect amine basicity.

2. Explain the mechanism of diazotization.

3. Evaluate why diazonium salts are excellent intermediates for aromatic substitution.

4. Discuss how resonance affects the reactivity of aniline.

5. Propose a multi-step synthesis using a diazonium salt as an intermediate.

6. Compare nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides with reactions of diazonium salts.

7. Analyse how azo dyes obtain their colour through conjugation.

8. Explain why diazonium salts behave differently from typical organic salts.

9. Predict the products formed when benzene diazonium chloride reacts with CuCl, CuBr, and water.

10. Discuss safety considerations in handling diazonium compounds.