Foundation Level (Fail → Pass)

Basic prompts to build essential understanding.

1. Define vapor pressure.

2. What happens when a liquid is in equilibrium with its vapor?

3. Define boiling point.

4. What is a phase change? Give one example.

5. Draw a simple heating curve and label the flat portions.

6. Define melting point.

7. What is meant by a "closed system"?

8. Give an example of a solid–liquid equilibrium.

9. State Raoult’s Law in simple terms.

10. What is an ideal solution?

 Intermediate Level (Pass → Credit)

Prompts requiring explanation, reasoning, and diagram interpretation.

1. Explain why vapor pressure increases with temperature.

2. Describe the triple point on a phase diagram.

3. Draw and label a typical phase diagram.

4. Explain the difference between ideal and non-ideal solutions.

5. State Raoult’s Law mathematically for a two-component solution.

6. Describe positive deviation from Raoult’s Law.

7. Describe negative deviation from Raoult’s Law.

8. Explain why azeotropes cannot be separated by simple distillation.

9. Describe how intermolecular forces affect vapor pressure.

10. Predict the effect on boiling point when a solute is added to a solvent.

Advanced Level (Credit → Distinction)

High-level conceptual, analytical, and reasoning prompts.

1. Analyse why non-ideal solutions deviate from Raoult’s Law based on molecular interactions.

2. Derive the expression for total vapor pressure in an ideal binary mixture.

3. Explain how to determine vapor composition using Raoult’s Law and Dalton’s Law.

4. Evaluate the formation of minimum-boiling and maximum-boiling azeotropes.

5. Compare volatility and vapor pressure using phase equilibrium principles.

6. Discuss how hydrogen bonding affects phase equilibria.

7. Interpret complex phase diagrams involving critical points.

8. Explain fractional distillation using vapor–liquid equilibrium.

9. Predict the behaviour of a binary mixture using activity coefficients.

10. Analyse how colligative properties relate to vapor pressure lowering.