Core Concepts (Target: 'S' Pass)

• Define: What is a semiconductor? Give one example.

• Identify: What are the two types of extrinsic semiconductors?

• Name: What is a p-n junction diode?

• Recall: What are the three terminals of a transistor?

• State: What does LED stand for?

• Identify: In which direction does a diode allow conventional current to flow easily?

Understanding & Application (Target: 'C' Pass)

• Explain: What is the difference between an n-type and a p-type semiconductor in terms of their charge carriers?

• Describe: Explain what "forward bias" and "reverse bias" mean for a p-n junction diode.

• Apply: What is the main purpose of using a diode in a circuit to perform rectification?

• Explain: Briefly describe the two main functions of a transistor in an electronic circuit.

• Relate: What is the primary energy conversion that takes place in a solar cell?

Analysis & Higher-Order Thinking (Target: 'B' / 'A' Pass)

• Analyse: Draw a simple circuit diagram for a half-wave rectifier and sketch the input (AC) and output (DC) voltage waveforms.

• Justify: After rectification, the DC output is often "lumpy". What component is added to the circuit to "smooth" this output, and how does it work?

• Synthesize: Design and draw a simple circuit using a transistor as a switch, where an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is used to automatically turn on an LED when it gets dark.

• Apply: Explain how a diode can be used in a circuit to protect a DC appliance from being damaged if the battery is connected with the wrong polarity.

O/L Exam Tip: Focus on the function of each component. For diodes, think "one-way street for current." For transistors, think "amplifier or switch." Be ready to interpret simple circuit diagrams.