Core Concepts (Target: 'S' Pass)

• Define: What is a polymer?

• Define: What is a monomer?

• Name: What is the monomer that makes up polythene (poly(ethene))?

• List: Give one example of a natural polymer and one example of a synthetic polymer.

• Recall: What does PVC stand for?

• Identify: Is rubber a natural or synthetic polymer?

Understanding & Application (Target: 'C' Pass)

• Describe: Briefly explain the process of addition polymerization using ethene as an example. Show what happens to the double bond.

• Apply: State one specific use for polythene and one for PVC, and relate the use to a property of the material.

• Explain: Why is the disposal of synthetic polymers like PVC a major environmental problem?

• Draw: Draw the repeating unit of polychloroethene (PVC).

• Compare: What is the main difference between a linear polymer and a cross-linked polymer in terms of structure?

Analysis & Higher-Order Thinking (Target: 'B' / 'A' Pass)

• Analyse: Vulcanization is a process that improves the properties of natural rubber by adding sulfur. This creates cross-links between the polymer chains. How would this change the physical properties of the rubber (e.g., its strength and elasticity)?

• Justify: Proteins are natural polymers. What are the monomers that make up proteins?

• Synthesize: Teflon (poly(tetrafluoroethene)) is a polymer known for being very unreactive and having a low-friction surface. Suggest why these properties make it ideal for coating non-stick frying pans.

• Apply: Many plastics are non-biodegradable. Explain what this term means and why it makes plastic pollution a long-term issue for the environment.

O/L Exam Tip: You must be able to identify the monomer, polymer, and repeating unit for polythene and PVC. Understand the basic idea of addition polymerization: small molecules with double bonds link up to form long chains with single bonds.