Core Concepts (Target: 'S' Pass)

• State: What are the two laws of reflection?

• Identify: Is the image in a plane mirror real or virtual?

• Define: What is refraction?

• Name: Name the two types of spherical mirrors.

• Recall: What type of lens can be used to start a fire with sunlight?

• Define: What is a real image?

Understanding & Application (Target: 'C' Pass)

• Explain: Why does a pencil placed in a glass of water appear bent?

• Describe: List the three characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror.

• Apply: What type of mirror is used as a security mirror in shops to get a wide field of view? Describe the image it forms.

• Explain: What happens to a ray of light that passes through the optical centre of a convex lens?

• Relate: Define the critical angle and explain its relationship to total internal reflection.

Analysis & Higher-Order Thinking (Target: 'B' / 'A' Pass)

• Draw & Label: An object is placed between the focal point (F) and twice the focal length (2F) of a convex lens. Draw an accurate ray diagram to locate the image. State the three characteristics of the image formed.

• Justify: Dentists use a small mirror to get a magnified view of teeth. What type of mirror is this? Justify your answer by explaining where the tooth must be placed relative to the mirror's focal point.

• Analyse: Explain how optical fibres work, making sure to name and describe the key principle of light a student would use to see an object at the bottom of a pond, and how this differs from the apparent depth.

• Synthesize: Compare the image formed by a concave lens with the image formed by a convex mirror. What characteristics do they have in common?

O/L Exam Tip: Drawing ray diagrams is a skill you MUST master. Practice the standard rays for both concave mirrors and convex lenses until you can draw them quickly and accurately for any object position. This is often a multi-part, high-mark question.